10、数据校验:Validation
10.1、Spring Validation概述
在开发中,我们经常遇到参数校验的需求,比如用户注册的时候,要校验用户名不能为空、用户名长度不超过20个字符、手机号是合法的手机号格式等等。如果使用普通方式,我们会把校验的代码和真正的业务处理逻辑耦合在一起,而且如果未来要新增一种校验逻辑也需要在修改多个地方。而spring validation允许通过注解的方式来定义对象校验规则,把校验和业务逻辑分离开,让代码编写更加方便。Spring Validation其实就是对Hibernate Validator进一步的封装,方便在Spring中使用。
在Spring中有多种校验的方式
第一种是通过实现org.springframework.validation.Validator接口,然后在代码中调用这个类
第二种是按照Bean Validation方式来进行校验,即通过注解的方式。
第三种是基于方法实现校验
除此之外,还可以实现自定义校验
10.2、实验一:通过Validator接口实现
第一步 创建子模块 spring6-validator
第二步 引入相关依赖
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate.validator</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
<version>7.0.5.Final</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish</groupId>
<artifactId>jakarta.el</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
第三步 创建实体类,定义属性和方法
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method1;
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
第四步 创建类实现Validator接口,实现接口方法指定校验规则
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method1;
import org.springframework.validation.Errors;
import org.springframework.validation.ValidationUtils;
import org.springframework.validation.Validator;
public class PersonValidator implements Validator {
@Override
public boolean supports(Class<?> clazz) {
return Person.class.equals(clazz);
}
@Override
public void validate(Object object, Errors errors) {
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmpty(errors, "name", "name.empty");
Person p = (Person) object;
if (p.getAge() < 0) {
errors.rejectValue("age", "error value < 0");
} else if (p.getAge() > 110) {
errors.rejectValue("age", "error value too old");
}
}
}
上面定义的类,其实就是实现接口中对应的方法,
supports方法用来表示此校验用在哪个类型上,
validate是设置校验逻辑的地点,其中ValidationUtils,是Spring封装的校验工具类,帮助快速实现校验。
第五步 使用上述Validator进行测试
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method1;
import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult;
import org.springframework.validation.DataBinder;
public class TestMethod1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建person对象
Person person = new Person();
person.setName("lucy");
person.setAge(-1);
// 创建Person对应的DataBinder
DataBinder binder = new DataBinder(person);
// 设置校验
binder.setValidator(new PersonValidator());
// 由于Person对象中的属性为空,所以校验不通过
binder.validate();
//输出结果
BindingResult results = binder.getBindingResult();
System.out.println(results.getAllErrors());
}
}
10.3、实验二:Bean Validation注解实现
使用Bean Validation校验方式,就是如何将Bean Validation需要使用的javax.validation.ValidatorFactory 和javax.validation.Validator注入到容器中。spring默认有一个实现类LocalValidatorFactoryBean,它实现了上面Bean Validation中的接口,并且也实现了org.springframework.validation.Validator接口。
第一步 创建配置类,配置LocalValidatorFactoryBean
@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method2")
public class ValidationConfig {
@Bean
public LocalValidatorFactoryBean validator() {
return new LocalValidatorFactoryBean();
}
}
第二步 创建实体类,使用注解定义校验规则
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method2;
import jakarta.validation.constraints.Max;
import jakarta.validation.constraints.Min;
import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull;
public class User {
@NotNull
private String name;
@Min(0)
@Max(120)
private int age;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
常用注解说明
@NotNull 限制必须不为null
@NotEmpty 只作用于字符串类型,字符串不为空,并且长度不为0
@NotBlank 只作用于字符串类型,字符串不为空,并且trim()后不为空串
@DecimalMax(value) 限制必须为一个不大于指定值的数字
@DecimalMin(value) 限制必须为一个不小于指定值的数字
@Max(value) 限制必须为一个不大于指定值的数字
@Min(value) 限制必须为一个不小于指定值的数字
@Pattern(value) 限制必须符合指定的正则表达式
@Size(max,min) 限制字符长度必须在min到max之间
@Email 验证注解的元素值是Email,也可以通过正则表达式和flag指定自定义的email格式
第三步 使用两种不同的校验器实现
(1)使用jakarta.validation.Validator校验
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method2;
import jakarta.validation.ConstraintViolation;
import jakarta.validation.Validator;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.Set;
@Service
public class MyService1 {
@Autowired
private Validator validator;
public boolean validator(User user){
Set<ConstraintViolation<User>> sets = validator.validate(user);
return sets.isEmpty();
}
}
(2)使用org.springframework.validation.Validator校验
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method2;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.validation.BindException;
import org.springframework.validation.Validator;
@Service
public class MyService2 {
@Autowired
private Validator validator;
public boolean validaPersonByValidator(User user) {
BindException bindException = new BindException(user, user.getName());
validator.validate(user, bindException);
return bindException.hasErrors();
}
}
第四步 测试
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method2;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMethod2 {
@Test
public void testMyService1() {
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class);
MyService1 myService = context.getBean(MyService1.class);
User user = new User();
user.setAge(-1);
boolean validator = myService.validator(user);
System.out.println(validator);
}
@Test
public void testMyService2() {
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class);
MyService2 myService = context.getBean(MyService2.class);
User user = new User();
user.setName("lucy");
user.setAge(130);
user.setAge(-1);
boolean validator = myService.validaPersonByValidator(user);
System.out.println(validator);
}
}
10.4、实验三:基于方法实现校验
第一步 创建配置类,配置MethodValidationPostProcessor
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method3;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.LocalValidatorFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.MethodValidationPostProcessor;
@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method3")
public class ValidationConfig {
@Bean
public MethodValidationPostProcessor validationPostProcessor() {
return new MethodValidationPostProcessor();
}
}
第二步 创建实体类,使用注解设置校验规则
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method3;
import jakarta.validation.constraints.*;
public class User {
@NotNull
private String name;
@Min(0)
@Max(120)
private int age;
@Pattern(regexp = "^1(3|4|5|7|8)\\d{9}$",message = "手机号码格式错误")
@NotBlank(message = "手机号码不能为空")
private String phone;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getPhone() {
return phone;
}
public void setPhone(String phone) {
this.phone = phone;
}
}
第三步 定义Service类,通过注解操作对象
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method3;
import jakarta.validation.Valid;
import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
@Service
@Validated
public class MyService {
public String testParams(@NotNull @Valid User user) {
return user.toString();
}
}
第四步 测试
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method3;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class TestMethod3 {
@Test
public void testMyService1() {
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class);
MyService myService = context.getBean(MyService.class);
User user = new User();
user.setAge(-1);
myService.testParams(user);
}
}
10.5、实验四:实现自定义校验
第一步 自定义校验注解
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method4;
import jakarta.validation.Constraint;
import jakarta.validation.Payload;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = {CannotBlankValidator.class})
public @interface CannotBlank {
//默认错误消息
String message() default "不能包含空格";
//分组
Class<?>[] groups() default {};
//负载
Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
//指定多个时使用
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.TYPE_USE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@interface List {
CannotBlank[] value();
}
}
第二步 编写真正的校验类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.validation.method4;
import jakarta.validation.ConstraintValidator;
import jakarta.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
public class CannotBlankValidator implements ConstraintValidator<CannotBlank, String> {
@Override
public void initialize(CannotBlank constraintAnnotation) {
}
@Override
public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
//null时不进行校验
if (value != null && value.contains(" ")) {
//获取默认提示信息
String defaultConstraintMessageTemplate = context.getDefaultConstraintMessageTemplate();
System.out.println("default message :" + defaultConstraintMessageTemplate);
//禁用默认提示信息
context.disableDefaultConstraintViolation();
//设置提示语
context.buildConstraintViolationWithTemplate("can not contains blank").addConstraintViolation();
return false;
}
return true;
}
}